New Criticism Wikipedia. New Criticism was a formalist movement in literary theory that dominated Americanliterary criticism in the middle decades of the 2. It emphasized close reading, particularly of poetry, to discover how a work of literature functioned as a self contained, self referential aesthetic object. The movement derived its name from John Crowe Ransoms 1. The New Criticism. The work of English scholar I. A. Richards, especially his Practical Criticism and The Meaning of Meaning, which offered what was claimed to be an empirical scientific approach, were important to the development of New Critical methodology. Also very influential were the critical essays of T. S. Eliot, such as Tradition and the Individual Talent and Hamlet and His Problems, in which Eliot developed his notion of the objective correlative. Eliots evaluative judgments, such as his condemnation of Milton and Shelley, his liking for the so called metaphysical poets and his insistence that poetry must be impersonal, greatly influenced the formation of the New Critical canon. Formalism theoryeditNew Criticism developed as a reaction to the older philological and literary history schools of the US North, which, influenced by nineteenth century German scholarship, focused on the history and meaning of individual words and their relation to foreign and ancient languages, comparative sources, and the biographical circumstances of the authors. These approaches, it was felt, tended to distract from the text and meaning of a poem and entirely neglect its aesthetic qualities in favor of teaching about external factors. On the other hand, the literary appreciation school, which limited itself to pointing out the beauties and morally elevating qualities of the text, was disparaged by the New Critics as too subjective and emotional. Condemning this as a version of Romanticism, they aimed for newer, systematic and objective method. It was felt, especially by creative writers and by literary critics outside the academy, that the special aesthetic experience of poetry and literary language was lost in the welter of extraneous erudition and emotional effusions. Heather Dubrow notes that the prevailing focus of literary scholarship was on the study of ethical values and philosophical issues through literature, the tracing of literary history, and. Literature was approached and literary scholarship did not focus on analysis of texts. New Critics believed the structure and meaning of the text were intimately connected and should not be analyzed separately. IL8/9780816610068.jpg' alt='Reader Response Criticism Pdf' title='Reader Response Criticism Pdf' />In order to bring the focus of literary studies back to analysis of the texts, they aimed to exclude the readers response, the authors intention, historical and cultural contexts, and moralistic bias from their analysis. These goals were articulated in Ransoms Criticism, Inc. Allen Tates Miss Emily and the Bibliographers. Close reading or explication de texte was a staple of French literary studies, but in the United States, aesthetic concerns, and the study of modern poets was the province of non academic essayists and book reviewers rather than serious scholars. Reader Response Criticism Pdf' title='Reader Response Criticism Pdf' />But the New Criticism changed this. Though their interest in textual study initially met with resistance from older scholars, the methods of the New Critics rapidly predominated in American universities until challenged by Feminism and structuralism in the 1. Download Refactoring Databases Evolutionary Database Design Pdf Free. Other schools of critical theory, including, post structuralism, and deconstructionist theory, the New Historicism, and Receptions studies followed. Although the New Critics were never a formal group, an important inspiration was the teaching of John Crowe Ransom of Vanderbilt University, whose students all Southerners, Allen Tate, Cleanth Brooks, and Robert Penn Warren would go on to develop the aesthetics that came to be known as the New Criticism. Indeed, for Paul Lauter, a Professor of American Studies at Trinity College, New Criticism is a reemergence of the Southern Agrarians. In his essay, The New Criticism, Cleanth Brooks notes that The New Critic, like the Snark, is a very elusive beast, meaning that there was no clearly defined New Critical manifesto, school, or stance. Nevertheless, a number of writings outline inter related New Critical ideas. In 1. 94. 6, William K. Etiquetas Para Cd Software Gratis on this page. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley published a classic and controversial New Critical essay entitled The Intentional Fallacy, in which they argued strongly against the relevance of an authors intention, or intended meaning in the analysis of a literary work. For Wimsatt and Beardsley, the words on the page were all that mattered importation of meanings from outside the text was considered irrelevant, and potentially distracting. In another essay, The Affective Fallacy, which served as a kind of sister essay to The Intentional Fallacy Wimsatt and Beardsley also discounted the readers personalemotional reaction to a literary work as a valid means of analyzing a text. This fallacy would later be repudiated by theorists from the reader response school of literary theory. Ironically, one of the leading theorists from this school, Stanley Fish, was himself trained by New Critics. NEA Independent critical study Texts across time exemplar response This resource gives an exemplar student response to a non exam assessment. Www. pearsonbooks. A Readers Guide to Contemporary Literary Theory RAMAN SELDEN PETER WIDDOWSON PETER BROOKER Fifth edition A Readers Guide to Contemporary. Internet Download Manager 6 15 14 there. Reading Research and Instruction Spring 2005, 44 3 Voices in the Park, Voices in the Classroom Readers Responding to Postmodern Picture Books. Fish criticizes Wimsatt and Beardsley in his essay Literature in the Reader 1. The hey day of the New Criticism in American high schools and colleges was the Cold War decades between 1. Brooks and Warrens Understanding Poetry and Understanding Fiction both became staples during this era. Reader Response Criticism Pdf' title='Reader Response Criticism Pdf' />Studying a passage of prose or poetry in New Critical style required careful, exacting scrutiny of the passage itself. Formal elements such as rhyme, meter, setting, characterization, and plot were used to identify the theme of the text. In addition to the theme, the New Critics also looked for paradox, ambiguity, irony, and tension to help establish the single best and most unified interpretation of the text. Although the New Criticism is no longer a dominant theoretical model in American universities, some of its methods like close reading are still fundamental tools of literary criticism, underpinning a number of subsequent theoretic approaches to literature including poststructuralism, deconstruction theory, and reader response theory. CriticismeditIt was frequently alleged that the New Criticism treated literary texts as autonomous and divorced from historical context, and that its practitioners were uninterested in the human meaning, the social function and effect of literature. Indicative of the reader response school of theory, Terence Hawkes writes that the fundamental close reading technique is based on the assumption that the subject and the object of studythe reader and the textare stable and independent forms, rather than products of the unconscious process of signification, an assumption which he identifies as the ideology of liberal humanism, which is attributed to the New Critics who are accused of attempting to disguise the interests at work in their critical processes. For Hawkes, ideally, a critic ought to be considered to create the finished work by his reading of it, and not to remain simply an inert consumer of a ready made product. In response to critics like Hawkes, Cleanth Brooks, in his essay The New Criticism 1. New Criticism was not diametrically opposed to the general principles of reader response theory and that the two could complement one another.